Samuel Rousseau (1853-1904) was a French composer, organist, and music teacher. He was born in Neuve-Maison, France, and studied music at the Paris Conservatoire from when he was fourteen years old, with César Franck and François Bazin. Rousseau won the prestegious Prix de Rome in 1878.

Rousseau composed operas, hymns, chamber music as well as compositions for organ.